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Strasbourg Cathedral - Machinery parts - Solenoid Valve

History
Monument to Johannes (Jean) Hltz, architect of the octagonal top, in Strasbourg Previous buildings on the site
The site of the Strasbourg cathedral was used for several successive religious buildings, starting from the Argentoratum period (when a Roman sanctuary occupied the site) up to the building that is there today.
It is known that a cathedral was erected by the bishop Saint Arbogast of the Strasbourg diocese at the end of the seventh century, on the base of a temple dedicated to the Virgin Mary, but nothing remains of it today. Strasbourg's previous cathedral, of which remains dating back to the to the late 4th century or early 5th century were unearthed in 1948 and 1956, was situated at the site of the current glise Saint-tienne.
In the eighth century, the first cathedral was replaced by a more important building that would be completed under the reign of Charlemagne. Bishop Remigius von Straburg (also known as Rmi) wished to be buried in the crypt, according to his will dated 778. It was certainly in this building that the Oaths of Strasbourg were pronounced in 842. Excavations carried out recently reveal that this Carolingian cathedral had three naves and three apses. A poem described this cathedral decorated with gold and precious stones by the bishop Ratho (also Ratald or Rathold). The basilica caught fire on multiple occasions, in 873, 1002, and 1007.
In 1015, bishop Werner von Habsburg laid the first stone of a new cathedral on the ruins of the Carolingian basilica. He then constructed a cathedral in the Romanesque style of architecture. That cathedral burned to the ground in 1176 because at that time the naves were covered with a wooden framework.
After that disaster, bishop Heinrich von Hasenburg decided to construct a new cathedral, to be more beautiful than that of Basel, which was just being finished. Construction of the new cathedral began on the foundations of the preceding structure, and did not end until centuries later. Werner's cathedral's crypt, which had not burned, was kept and expanded westwards. Construction of the cathedral (11761439)
The construction began with the quire and the north transept in a Romanesque style, reminiscent of and actually inspired by the Imperial Cathedrals in its monumentality and height. But in 1225, a team coming from Chartres revolutionized the construction by suggesting a Gothic architecture style. The parts of the nave that had already been begun in Romanesque style were torn down and in order to find money to finish the nave, the Chapter resorted to Indulgences in 1253. The money was kept by the uvre Notre-Dame, which also hired architects and stone workers. The influence of the Chartres masters was also felt in the sculptures and statues: the celebrated "Pillar of Angels" (Pilier des anges), a representation of the Last Judgment on a pillar in the southern transept, facing the Astronomical clock, owes to their expressive style.
Like the city of Strasbourg, the cathedral connects Mnster-German and French cultural influences, while the eastern structures, e.g. the choir and south portal, still have very Romanesque features, with more emphasis placed on walls than on windows.
Above all, the famous west front, decorated with thousands of figures, is a masterpiece of the Gothic era. The tower is one of the first to rely substantially on craftsmanship, with the final appearance being one with a high degree of linearity captured in stone. While previous faades were certainly drawn prior to construction, Strasbourg has one of the earliest faades whose construction is inconceivable without prior drawing. Strasbourg and Cologne Cathedral together represent some of the earliest uses of architectural drawing. The work of Professor Robert O. Bork of the University of Iowa suggests that the design of the Strasbourg facade, while seeming almost random in its complexity, can be constructed using a series of rotated octagons.
The north tower, completed in 1439, was the world's tallest building from 1647 (when the spire of St. Mary's church, Stralsund burnt down) until 1874 (when the tower of St. Nikolai's Church in Hamburg was completed). The planned south tower was never built and as a result, with its characteristic asymmetrical form, the Strasbourg cathedral is now the premier landmark of Alsace. One can see 30 kilometers from the observation level, which provides a view of the Rhine banks from the Vosges all the way to the Black Forest. The tower as it can be seen is the combined work of architects Ulrich Ensigen (square shaft) and Johannes Hltz of Cologne (octagonal top). Ensingen worked on the Cathedral from 1399 to 1419, and Hltz from 1419 to 1439.
In 1505, architect Jakob von Landshut and sculptor Hans von Aachen finished rebuilding the Saint-Lawrence portal (Portail Saint-Laurent) outside the northern transept in a markedly post-Gothic, early-Renaissance style. As with the other portals of the Cathedral, most of the statues now to be seen in situ are copies, the originals having been moved to the Muse de lvre Notre-Dame. Later history
In the late Middle Ages, the city of Strasbourg had succeeded to liberate itself from the domination of the bishop and to rise to the status of Free Imperial City. The outgoing 15th century was marked by the sermons of Johann Geiler Kaysersberg and by the emerging Reformation, represented in Strasbourg by figures such as John Calvin, Martin Bucer and Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck. In 1524, the City Council assigned the Cathedral to the Protestant faith, while the building suffered some damage from iconoclastic assaults. In 1539, the world's first documented Christmas tree was set up inside the Mnster. After the occupation of the city by Louis XIV of France, on 30 September 1681, and a mass celebrated in the Cathedral on 23 October 1681 in presence of the king and prince-bishop Franz Egon of Frstenberg, the Cathedral was returned to the Catholics and its inside redesigned according to the Catholic liturgy of the Counter-Reformation. In 1682, the choir screen (built in 1252) was broken out to expand the quire towards the nave. Remains of the choir screen are displayed in the Muse de lvre Notre-Dame and in The Cloisters. The main or high altar, a major work of early Renaissance sculpture, was also demolished that year. Fragments can be seen in the Muse de lvre Notre-Dame.
A round, Baroque sacristy of modest proportions was added north-east of the northern transept in 1744 by the city's chief architect Joseph Massol according to plans by Robert de Cotte and between 1772 and 1778 architect Jean-Laurent Goetz surrounded the Cathedral by a gallery in early Gothic Revival style in order to reorganise the merchants shops that used to settle around the building (and would do so until 1843).
In April 1794, the Enrags who ruled the city started planning to tear the spire down, on the grounds that it hurt the principle of equality. The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap of the kind the Enrags themselves wore. This artifact was later kept in the historical collections of the city until they were all destroyed in 1870. During the Siege of Strasbourg, the Cathedral was hit by [[Prussia]n artillery and the metal cross on the spire was bent. The crossing domes's roof was pierced and it was subsequently reconstructed in a grander, Romanesque revival style by the Notre-Dame workshop's longtime chief architect, Gustave Klotz.
During World War II, Strasbourg's Cathedral was seen as a symbol for both warring parties. Adolf Hitler, who visited it on 28 June 1940, intended to transform the church into a "national sanctuary of the German people"; on 1 March 1941, General Leclerc made the "vow of Kufra" (serment de Koufra), stating he would "rest the weapons only when our beautiful colours fly again on Strasbourg's cathedral". During that same war, the stained glass was removed in 74 cases from the Strasbourg Cathedral and stored in a salt mine near Heilbronn, Germany. After the war, it was returned to the cathedral by the Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives section of the United States military.
The Cathedral was hit by British and American bombs during air raids on Strasbourg's center on 11 August 1944, which also heavily damaged the Palais Rohan and the Sainte-Madeleine Church. In 1956, the Council of Europe donated the famous choir window by Max Ingrand, the "Strasbourg Madonna" (see also Flag of Europe#Biblical interpretation). The last war damages were only repaired in the early 1990s. Personalities
Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg, preacher (14781510)
Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Priest (16331666)
Philipp Jacob Spener, preacher (16631666)
Franz Xaver Richter , Kapellmeister (17691789)
Ignaz Josef Pleyel, Kapellmeister (17831795) Burials
Conrad de Lichtenberg Dimensions
Flying buttresses on the southern side of the Cathedral.
The known dimensions of the building are as follows: Total length: 112 m (370 ft)
Total inside length: 103 m (340 ft)
Exterior height of central nave (roof): 40 m (130 ft)
Inside height of central nave: 32 m (100 ft)
Inside height of lateral naves: 19 m (62 ft)
Inside height of narthex: 42 m (140 ft)
Width between pillars of central nave: 16 m (52 ft)
Height of crossing dome: 58 m (190 ft)
Height of platform: 66 m (220 ft)
Height of spire: 142 m (470 ft)
Exterior width of west faade: 51.5 m (169 ft)
Diameter of west faade rose window: 13.6 m (45 ft)
Strasbourg Cathedral is by far the largest church in Alsace, but all in all much smaller than many other famous Gothic cathedrals (Cologne, Amiens, Milan, York...) Furnishing
Pulpit with green ray of light
Marriage at Cana, one of the Cathedral's tapestries
Protestant and Revolutionary iconoclasm, the war periods of 1681, 1870 and 19401944 and changes in taste and liturgy have asked a toll of some of Strasbourg Cathedral's most celebrated features such as the choir screen of 1252 and the successive high altars (ca. 1500 and 1682), but many treasures remain inside the building, others, or fragments of them, being displayed in the Muse de lvre Notre-Dame.
Stained glass windows, mostly 14th century, some late 12th century (northern transept) and 13th century ("emperor windows" in the northern lateral nave), some 20th century (southern transept, choir). Stained glass windows from the former Dominican Church, destroyed in 1870, in the Chapelle Saint-Laurent and Chapelle Saint-Andr.
Tombstone of Conrad de Lichtenberg in the Chapelle Saint-Jean-Baptiste, ca. 1300. Facing it, monument to a canon by Nikolaus Gerhaert (1464).
Richly ornate baptismal font by Jost Dotzinger in the norther transpet, 1443
Richly ornate pulpit by Hans Hammer north-east of the central nave, 1486
Life-sized group of sculptures "Christ on the Mount of Olives" in the northern transept, facing the baptismal font (previously in the Saint Thomas Church), 1498; the cross towering above it is from 1825
Suspended pipe organ on the north side of the central nave (Organ case of 1385, 149; mechanism and registers by Alfred Kern, 1981)
Choir pipe organ, north side of the choir, Joseph Merklin, 1878
Crypt pipe organ, 1998 Busts of Apostles from the high altar of 1682 along the semi-circular wall closing the choir, wood, 17th century
Tapestries "Life of Mary", Paris, 17th century, acquired by the Cathedral's chapter in the 18th century
Altars in the chapels (15th19th centuries); large Baroque altar of 1698 (structure) and 1776 (paintings) in the Chapelle Saint-Laurent Astronomical clock
Main article: Strasbourg astronomical clock
The "Pillar of Angels" (on the left) and the Astronomical clock (on the right)
The cathedral's south transept houses an 18-metre astronomical clock, one of the largest in the world. Its first forerunner was the so-called Dreiknigsuhr ("three-king clock") of 1352-1354, located at the opposite wall from where today's clock is. Then starting in 1547 a new clock was built by Christian Herlin, and others, but the construction was interrupted when the Cathedral was handed over to the Roman Catholic Church. Construction was resumed in 1571 by Conrad Dasypodius and the Habrecht brothers, and this clock was astronomically much more involved. It also had paintings by the Swiss painter Tobias Stimmer. That clock functioned into the late 18th Century and can be seen today in the Strasbourg Museum of Decorative Arts.
The clock existing today originated in 1838-1843 (the clock has 1838-1842, but the celestial globe was only finished on June 24, 1843) and was built by Jean-Baptiste Schwilgu in Dasypodius' clock case, and with roughly the same functions, but equipped with completely new mechanics. Schwilgu made a number of preliminary studies years before, such as a design of the computus mechanism (Easter computation) in 1816, and built a prototype in 1821. This mechanism, whose whereabouts are now unknown, could compute Easter following the complex Gregorian rule.
The astronomical part is unusually accurate; it indicates leap years, equinoxes, and much more astronomical data. Thus it was already much more a complex calculating machine than a bare clock. Often the complicated functioning of the Strasbourg Clock made specialized mathematical knowledge necessary (not just technical knowledge).
A mathematical marvel, the clock was able to determine the computus (date of Easter in the Christian calendar) at a time when computers did not yet exist.
Easter had been defined at the First Council of Nicaea in A.D. 325 as "the Sunday that follows the fourteenth day of the moon that falls on March 21 or immediately after". (See also Easter controversy, Ecclesiastical new moon, and Paschal Full Moon.)
Today tourists see only the remarkably sculpted figurines of this clock, but behind this ensemble there is an exceptional mechanism that engages and that represents one of the most beautiful curiosities of the Cathedral.
The animated characters launch into movement at different hours of the day. One angel sounds the bell while a second turns over an hour-glass. Different characters, representing the ages of life (from a child to an old man) parade in front of Death.
On the last level are the Apostles, passing in front of Christ. The clock shows much more than the official time; it also indicates solar time, the day of the week (each represented by a god of mythology), the month, the year, the sign of the zodiac, the phase of the moon and the position of several planets. All these automatons are put into operation at 12:30 PM.
According to legend, the creator of this clock had his eyes gouged out afterward, to prevent him from reproducing it. Similar legends are told for other clocks, such as the astronomical clock in Prague.
In the same room, there is a statue of a man resting his elbows on a balustrade (railing). According to legend this was a rival architect to the one who had built the pillar of angels, the architectural feat of the era, who contended that one single pillar could never support such a large vault, and he would wait to see the whole thing come crashing down.
There are several models of the Strasbourg clock, usually with simplified functions. One is in the Sydney Powerhouse Museum .
From 1858 until 1989, the clock was taken care of by the Ungerer company. This company was founded in 1858 by two brothers who were Schwilgu's assistants. Since 1989, the clock has been taken care of by Alfred Faullimmel and his son Ludovic, for the Strasbourg cathedral. Mr. Faullimmel had been employed by Ungerer between 1955 and 1989. In popular culture
The 1976 film Monsieur Klein, set in France in 1942, takes place largely in Paris but in one sequence, in the middle of the film, the protagonist visits his father in Strasbourg. The Cathedral can be seen out a window, and there is a brief shot inside the Cathedral of the astronomical clock's figurines moving about and striking the hour.
The Dutch progressive rock band Focus dedicated a theme to the cathedral in their 1974 album Hamburger Concerto. Gallery
Full lateral view of Strasbourg Cathedral
Looking along the nave towards the choir
Rose window from Strasbourg Cathedral
The same from outside
Depiction of the adoration of the Magi on Portail Saint-Laurent
The main organ
Sculptures on the right portal of the facade
The romanesque choir
Close-up of the basis of the astronomical clock
Depiction of the Coronation of the Virgin
The rear of the Cathedral seen from the platform underneath the tower
The Cathedral towering over the Kammerzell House (second from left)
The Mount of Olives
"Bespectacled emperor", 13th-century stained-glass window now in the Muse de l'Oeuvre Notre-Dame
A gargoyle
Memorial to fallen Americans Legends
The Tempter
One legend says that the building rests on immense piles of oak sinking into the waters of an underground lake. A boat would roam around the lake, without anyone inside, though the noise of the oars could be heard nevertheless. According to the legend, the entry to the underground lake could be found in the cellar of a house just opposite the cathedral. It would have been walled up a few centuries ago.
The legend of the wind blowing around the cathedral is as follows: In olden days, the Devil flew over the ground, riding the wind. Thus he caught a glimpse of his portrait carved onto the cathedral: the Tempter, courting the foolish virgins (Matthew 25:1-13), in the guise of a seductive young man. It is true that his back opens up and toads and snakes come out of it, but none of the nave girls notices that nor do many tourists for that matter. Very flattered and curious, the Devil had the idea to enter to see whether there were other sculptures representing him on the inside of the cathedral. Taken captive inside the holy place, he could not come back out. The wind always waits in the square and still howls today from impatience on the places outside the cathedral. The Devil, furious, makes air currents from the bottom of the church to the height of the pillar of angels. References
^ "Prodige du gigantesque et du dlicat". Translation from a note at TrekEarth.com.
^ France Convicts Islamic Militants - CBS.com
^ a b Les grandes dates de listoire de la Cathdrale de Strasbourg (French)
^ La prise de Strasbourg : 1681 (French)
^ Strasbourg Virgin, on The Cloisters database
^ Retable du matre-autel(French)
^ a b Kurtz, Michael J. (2006). America and the return of Nazi contraband. Cambridge University Press. pp. 171172. 
^ Strasbourg Cathedral and the French Revolution (1789-1802)
^ Recht, Roland; Foessel, Georges; Klein, Jean-Pierre: Connatre Strasbourg, 1988, ISBN 2-7032-0185-0
^ "Nazideutschland im Elsass" (German)
^ Le serment de Koufra (French)
^ Kurtz, Michael J. (2006). America and the return of Nazi contraband. Cambridge University Press. p. 132. 
^ Kurtz, Michael J. (2006). America and the return of Nazi contraband. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. 
^ Straburger Mnster (German)
^ http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/916.htm
^ La Croix de Mission du transept Nord de la cathdrale (French)
^ The nave organ (French)
^ The choir organ(French)
^ The crypt organ (French)
^ This section largely translated from fr:Cathdrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg#Lorloge astronomique and de:Astronomische Uhr#Straburg .
^ Losey, Joseph (director). (1976) Monsieur Klein. DVD released 2004, Home Vision Entertainment. Title 4, Chapter 12. See also
View of Straburg in 1493 showing the Mnster
Muse de lvre Notre-Dame
The Ten Virgins
Maison Kammerzell
List of tallest churches
Sabina von Steinbach External links Media related to Cathdrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg at Wikimedia Commons
Cathdrale de Strasbourg
uvre Notre-Dame
Strasbourg Cathedral
Notre Dame Cathedral (original plans and contemporary photographs)
Historical Sketch of the Cathedral of Strasbourg at Project Gutenberg
Coordinates: 483454 74503 / 48.58167N 7.75083E / 48.58167; 7.75083
Records
Preceded by
St. Mary's church, Stralsund
World's tallest structure
16471874
142 m
Succeeded by
St. Nikolai, Hamburg Categories: 1170s architecture | 1430s architecture | Churches in Strasbourg | Cathedrals in France | Official historical monuments of France | Former world's tallest buildings | Gothic architecture | Romanesque sites in FranceHidden categories: Articles containing French language text | Articles containing German language text
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